Common Conditions and Treatments:

1. Refractive Errors:

• Myopia (Nearsightedness), Hyperopia (Farsightedness), and Astigmatism: Corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery (e.g., LASIK).

2. Cataracts:

• Cataract Surgery: Removal of the cloudy lens and replacement with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL).

3. Glaucoma:

• Medications: Eye drops or oral medications to reduce intraocular pressure.
• Laser Surgery: Procedures like trabeculoplasty or iridotomy.
• Conventional Surgery: Trabeculectomy or shunt implantation to improve fluid drainage.

4. Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD):

• Anti-VEGF Injections: Medications injected into the eye to slow disease progression.
• Photodynamic Therapy (PDT): Laser treatment for certain types of AMD.

5. Diabetic Retinopathy:

• Laser Photocoagulation: Used to seal leaking blood vessels.
• Anti-VEGF Injections: Similar to AMD treatment.

6. Retinal Detachment:

• Surgery: Various surgical procedures to reattach the retina.

7. Corneal Diseases:

• Corneal Transplant (Keratoplasty): Replacement of a damaged or diseased cornea with a donor cornea.

8. Strabismus:

• Eye Muscle Surgery: Corrective surgery to align misaligned eyes.

Ophthalmic Procedures:

1. Cataract Surgery:

• Phacoemulsification: Ultrasonic energy is used to break up and remove the cloudy lens.

2. Laser Eye Surgery (Refractive Surgery):

• LASIK (Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis): Reshaping the cornea to correct refractive errors.

3. Vitrectomy:

• Removal of Vitreous Gel: Used for conditions like retinal detachment or vitreous haemorrhage.

4. Corneal Surgery:

• Corneal Transplant: Replacement of damaged cornea with healthy donor tissue.

5. Glaucoma Surgery:

• Trabeculectomy: Creates a new drainage channel for intraocular fluid.
• Shunt Implantation: Placement of a drainage device to manage intraocular pressure.

Pediatric Ophthalmology:

1. Strabismus (Crossed Eyes):

• Eye Muscle Surgery: Corrective surgery to align misaligned eyes in children.

2. Amblyopia (Lazy Eye):

• Patch Therapy: Occlusion of the stronger eye to encourage visual development in the weaker eye.

Diagnostic Tools:

1. Ophthalmoscopy: Examination of the interior structures of the eye using an ophthalmoscope.
2. Tonometry: Measurement of intraocular pressure.
3. Visual Field Testing: Assessment of peripheral vision.
4. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): Imaging technique for detailed cross-sectional views of the retina.